Pulmonary and Critical Care

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD is primarily caused by long-term exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and occupational dust and chemicals. COPD management is advancing through the development of combination inhalers, improved pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and innovative treatments for emphysema. Early diagnosis and personalized medicine are becoming increasingly important in improving patient outcomes.